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Copper single crystal 29Cu63.54
Known to ancient civilizations.
[Latin: cuprum = cyprus]
French: cuivre
German: kupfer
Italian: rame
Spanish: cobre
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Description: Copper is a reddish metal, malleable and ductile, with high
electrical conductivity, making it ideal for electrical wiring, probably its most
important commercial use. Copper is resistant to air and water, and is used as roofing
material for public buildings, where it slowly weathers to an attractive green surface
patina of copper carbonate. Historically copper has been important as one of the first
worked metals, especially as the alloy bronze. It is still used in coins.
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Metal single crystal properties
| State: |
single crystal |
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| Crystal structure: |
fcc |
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| Production method: |
Czochralski |
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| Standard size: |
diameter 10-60mm
thickness 1-2mm |
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| Orientation: |
(100), (110) and (111) |
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| Orientation accuracy: |
<2°, <1°, <0.5° or <0.1° |
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| Polishing: |
as cut, one or two sides polished |
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| Roughness of surface: |
<0.03µm |
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| Purity: |
99.999% |
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| Typical analysis (ppm): |
Ag 0.8
Bi 0.1
Cd < 1
Cr < 1
Fe 0.8 |
Mg < 1
Pb 0.3
Si < 1
Sb < 1
Zn < 0.1
Cu balance |
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As, Ca, In, Mn, Ni, Te, Tl, Hg are below the detection limit |
Further Materials properties
| Crystal structure: |
(cell dimensions/pm), space group,
f.c.c. (a=361.47), Fm3m |
| X-ray diffractions mass absorption coefficients: |
CuKa 52.9 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
MoKa 50.9 (µ/r) / cm2g-1 |
| Neutron scattering length: |
0.7718 b/10-12 cm |
| Thermal neutron capture cross-section: |
3.78 sa / barns
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| Density: |
8.96 g/cm3 |
| Melting point: |
1083.45 °C / 1356.6 °K |
| Boiling point: |
2566.85 °C / 2840 °K |
| Molar volume: |
7.09 cm3 |
| Thermal conductivity: |
401 [300 K] Wm-1K-1 |
| Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: |
16.5 x 10-6 K-1 |
| Electrical resistivity: |
1.6730x10-8 [293 K] Wm |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility: |
-1081 x 10-9(s) kg-1m3 |
| Young's modulus: |
129.8 GPa |
| Rigidity modulus: |
48.3 GPa |
| Bulk modulus: |
137.8 GPa |
| Poisson's ratio: |
0.343 GPa |
| Radii: |
Cu2+ 72; Cu+ 96; atomic 128; covalent 117 |
| Electronegativity: |
1.90 (Pauling); 1.75 (Allred); 4.48 eV (absolute) |
| Effective nuclear charge: |
4.20 (Slater); 5.84 (Clementi); 8.07 (Froese-Fischer) |
| Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): |
18 |
| Issotope mass range: |
58 -> 73 |
Biological data
| Biological role: |
Essential to all species. |
| Toxicity |
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| Toxic intake: |
85g of metal; 20 g of CuSO4 |
| Lethal intake: |
60g of CuSO4; LD50 (sulfate, oral, rat) = 300 mg kg-1 |
| Hazards: |
As little as 30g of CuSO4 has been known to be fatal when eaten.
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| Level in humans |
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| Blood: |
1.01 mg dm-3 |
| Bone: |
1 - 26 p.p.m. |
| Liver: |
30 p.p.m. |
| Muscle: |
10 p.p.m. |
| Daily dietary intake : |
0.50 - 6 mg |
Total mass of element in average
[70 kg] person: |
72 mg |
Geological data
| Minerals: |
Crystals of native copper occur naturally and there are small deposits in the USA, Germany, Zambia, Chile and Italy. |
| Mineral |
Formula |
Density |
Hardness |
Crystal apperance |
| Atacamite |
Cu2Cl(OH)3 |
3.77 |
3 - 3.5 |
orth., adam. vit. green |
| Azurite |
Cu(CO3)2(OH)2 |
3.773 |
3.5 - 4 |
mon., vit. blue (ornamental) |
| Bornite |
Cu5FeS4 |
5.07 |
3 |
tet., met. copper-red brown |
| Brochantite |
Cu4(SO4)(OH)4 |
3.97 |
3.5 - 4 |
mon., vit. green |
| Chalcanthite |
CuSO4.5H2O |
2286 |
2.5 |
tric., vit. blue |
| Chalcocite |
Cu2S |
5.7 |
2.5 - 3 |
hex., met. blackish-grey |
| Chalcopyrite |
CuFeS2 |
4.2 |
3.5 - 4 |
tet., met. yellow |
| Chief ore: |
chalcopyrite accounts for c. 80% of world's copper (with silver and
gold as by-products), chalcanthite, brochantite. Malachite is used for
polished slabs, tables and columns. |
| World production: |
6.54 x 106 tonnes/year |
| Main mining areas: |
chalcopyrite in USA, Zaire, Zambia, Canada, Chile, Cyprus, Russia;
malachite in Russia, Zaire, Zambia, Chile, Australia;
Chalcanthite in chile. |
| Reserves: |
310 x 106 tonnes |
| Specimen: |
available as bars, foil, powder, shot, turning or wire. Safe. |
| Abundances |
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| Sun: |
1.15 x 104 (relative to H = 1 x 1012) |
| Earth's crust: |
50 ppm |
| Seawater: |
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| Atlantic surface: |
8.0 x 10-5 p.p.m. |
| Atlantic deep: |
12 x 10-5 p.p.m. |
| Pacific surface: |
8.0 x 10-5 p.p.m. |
| Pacific deep: |
28 x 10-5 p.p.m. |
| Residence time:: |
3000 years |
| Classification: |
recycled |
| Oxidation state: |
II |
Other sizes and specifications on request
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