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Palladium single crystal 46Pd106.4
Discovered in 1803 by W.H. Wollaston at London, England.
[named after the asteroid Pallas]
French: palladium
German: palladium
Italian: palladio
Spanish: palladio
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Description: Palladium is a lustrous, silvery-white, malleable and ductile metal of the so-called platinum group. It resists corrosion, but dissolves in oxidising acids and in molten alkalis. Palladium metal has the unusual ability of allowing hydrogen gas to filter through it. It is mailny used as a catalyst.
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Metal single crystal properties
| State: |
single crystal |
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| Crystal structure: |
fcc |
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| Production method: |
Czochralski |
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| Standard size: |
diameter 6-12mm
thickness 1-2mm |
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| Orientation: |
(100), (110) and (111) |
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| Orientation accuracy: |
<2°, <1°, <0.5° or <0.1° |
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| Polishing: |
as cut, one or two sides polished |
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| Roughness of surface: |
<0.03µm |
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| Purity: |
99.999% |
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| Typical analysis (ppm): |
Ag < 1
Al < 0.1
As < 0.1
Au 5
C 8
Ca 0.7
Cl < 0.1
Cu 4
Cr 2
Fe 6
In 4
N < 4 |
Na 0.3
Ni < 0.6
O 5.0
P 0.7
Pt < 10
Rh < 10 ppm
S 0.5
Si 6
Ta 3
Ti 0.8
W 15
Zr 1
Pd balance |
Further Materials properties
| Crystal structure: |
(cell dimensions/pm), space group
f.c.c. (a=389.08), Fm3m |
| X-ray diffractions mass absorption coefficients: |
CuKa 206 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
MoKa 24.1 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
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| Neutron scattering length: |
0.591 b/10-12 cm |
| Thermal neutron capture cross-section: |
6.9 sa / barns
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| Density: |
12.0 g/cm3 |
| Melting point: |
1551.85 °C / 1825 °K |
| Boiling point: |
3139.85 °C / 3413 °K |
| Molar volume: |
8.85 cm3 |
| Thermal conductivity: |
71.8 [300 K] Wm-1K-1 |
| Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: |
11.2 x 10-6 K-1 |
| Electrical resistivity: |
10.8x10-8 [293 K] Wm |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility: |
+6.702 x 10-8(s) kg-1m3 |
| Young's modulus: |
121 GPa |
| Rigidity modulus: |
43.6 GPa |
| Bulk modulus: |
187 GPa |
| Poisson's ratio: |
0.39 GPa |
| Radii: |
Pd4+ 64; Pd2+ 86; atomic 138; covalent 128 |
| Electronegativity: |
2.20 (Pauling); 1.35 (Allred); 4.45 eV (absolute) |
| Effective nuclear charge: |
4.05 (Slater); 7.84 (Clementi); 11.11 (Froese-Fischer) |
| Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): |
25 |
| Issotope mass range: |
96 -> 116 |
Biological data
| Biological role: |
none |
| Toxicity |
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| Toxic intake: |
n.a. |
| Lethal intake: |
LD50 (chloride, oral, rat)25 = mg kg-1 |
| Hazards: |
Palladium is poorly absorbed by the body when ingested and PdCl2
was formerly presribed as a treatment for tuberculosis at the rate of 65 mg
per day (approximately 1 mg kg-1 without apparent ill effects.
alladium at higher intakes is poisonous and is an experimental carcinogen. |
| Level in humans |
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| Organs: |
n.a. but very low |
| Daily dietary intake : |
n.a. |
Total mass of element in average
[70 kg] person: |
n.a. |
Geological data
| Minerals: |
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| Mineral |
Formula |
Density |
Hardness |
Crystal apperance |
| Palladium |
Pd |
11.9 |
4.5 - 5 |
cub. met. white/grey |
| Chief ore: |
speciments of the native metal are found in Brazil. Most is extracted as a by-product from copper and zinc refining.
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| World production: |
24 tonnes/year |
| Main mining areas: |
see copper and zinc |
| Reserves: |
24 000 tonnes |
| Specimen: |
available as foil, granules, powder, rod, shot sponge or wire. Safe.
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| Abundances |
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| Sun: |
32 (relative to H = 1 x 1012) |
| Earth's crust: |
c. 6 x 10-4 p.p.m. |
| Seawater: |
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| Atlantic surface: |
n.a. |
| Atlantic deep: |
n.a. |
| Pacific surface: |
1.9 x 10-8 p.p.m. |
| Pacific deep: |
6.8 x 10-8 p.p.m. |
| Residence time:: |
50 000 years |
| Classification: |
recycled |
| Oxidation state: |
II |
Other sizes and specifications on request
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