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Tin single crystal 50Sn118.69
Known to ancient civilizations
[Anglo-saxon: tin = stone; Latin: stannum]
French: etain
German: zinn
Italian: stagno
Spanish: estaño
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Description: Tin is a soft, pliable, silvery-white metal that is unreactive to oxygen (protected by an oxygen film on the surface) and water. It dissolves in acids and bases. Tin is used in solder, alloys, tin plate, polymer additives and some anti-fouling paints.
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Metal single crystal properties
| State: |
single crystal |
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| Crystal structure: |
tetragonal |
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| Production method: |
Bridgeman |
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| Standard size: |
diameter 9-10mm
thickness 1-2mm |
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| Orientation: |
(100), (110) and (111) |
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| Orientation accuracy: |
<2°, <1°, <0.5° or <0.1° |
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| Polishing: |
as cut, one or two sides polished |
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| Roughness of surface: |
<0.03µm |
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| Purity: |
99.999% |
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| Typical analysis (ppm): |
C 6
H < 1
O < 5
N < 5
Bi 0.5
Cl 0.4
Co < 1
Fe 0.25
Mg 0.15 |
Ni < 0.3
P 1
Pb 1.5
S 0.6
Si 0.3
Ta < 1
Ti 0.15
W 0.2
Sn balance |
Further Materials properties
| Crystal structure: |
(cell dimensions/pm), space group
a-Sn (grey) cubic (a=648.92), Fd3m
b-Sn (white) tetragonal (a=583.16, c=318.13), I42/amd
T(a->
b)=286.4 K [
b form at room temperature]
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| X-ray diffractions mass absorption coefficients: |
CuKa 256 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
MoKa 31.1 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
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| Neutron scattering length: |
0.6225 b/10-12 cm |
| Thermal neutron capture cross-section: |
0.626 sa / barns
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| Density: |
7.30 g/cm3 |
| Melting point: |
231.968 °C / 505.118 °K |
| Boiling point: |
2269.85 °C / 2543 °K |
| Molar volume: |
16.24 (b) cm3 |
| Thermal conductivity: |
66.6 (a) [300 K] Wm-1K-1 |
| Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: |
5.3 x 10-6 (a) K-1
21.2 x 10-6 (b) K-1 |
| Electrical resistivity: |
11.0x10-8 (a) [273 K] Wm |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility: |
-4.0 x 10-9(a) kg-1m3
+3.3 x 10-10(b) kg-1m3 |
| Young's modulus: |
49.9 GPa |
| Rigidity modulus: |
18.4 GPa |
| Bulk modulus: |
58.2 GPa |
| Poisson's ratio: |
0.357 GPa |
| Radii: |
Sn4+ 74; Sn2+ 93; Sn4- 294; atomic 141; covalent 140; van der Waals 200 |
| Electronegativity: |
1.96 (Pauling); 1.72 (Allred); 4.30 eV (absolute) |
| Effective nuclear charge: |
5.65 (Slater); 9.10 (Clementi); 11.11 (Froese-Fischer) |
| Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): |
37 |
| Issotope mass range: |
106 -> 132 |
Biological data
| Biological role: |
May be essential to some organisms, including human. |
| Toxicity |
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| Toxic intake: |
low toxicity as metal and some inorganic tin (II) salts |
| Lethal intake: |
LD50 (SnCl2, oral, rat) = 700 mg kg-1 |
| Hazards: |
Tin (II) salts can be pisonous by ingestion and other routes
and there is evidence that tin can have experimental carcinogenic
and human mutagenic effects. Some organotin compounds are very toxic. |
| Level in humans |
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| Blood: |
c. 0.38 mg dm-3 |
| Bone: |
1.4 p.p.m. |
| Liver: |
0.23 - 2.3 p.p.m. |
| Muscle: |
0.33 - 2.4 p.p.m. |
| Daily dietary intake : |
0.2 - 3.5 mg |
Total mass of element in average
[70 kg] person: |
20 mg |
Geological data
| Minerals: |
Many minerals are known, and aluminium is present in many other minerals |
| Mineral |
Formula |
Density |
Hardness |
Crystal apperance |
| Cassiterite |
SnO2 |
6.99 |
6 - 7 |
tet., adam./ met. brown |
| Chief ore: |
cassiterite
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| World production: |
165 000 tonnes/year |
| Main mining areas: |
Malaysia, Sumatra, Russia, China, Bolivia, Zaire |
| Reserves: |
4.5 x 106 tonnes |
| Specimen: |
available as bars, breads, foil, granules, rod, shot and wire. Safe.
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| Abundances |
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| Sun: |
100 (relative to H = 1 x 1012) |
| Earth's crust: |
2.2 p.p.m. |
| Seawater: |
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| Atlantic surface: |
2.3 x 10-6 p.p.m. |
| Atlantic deep: |
5.8 x 10-6 p.p.m. |
| Residence time:: |
n.a. |
| Classification: |
scavenged |
| Oxidation state: |
IV |
Other sizes and specifications on request
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