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Yttrium single crystal 39Y88.905
Discovered in 1794 by J Gadolin at Åbo, Finland.
[Nmed after Ytterby, Sweden]
French: yttrium
German: yttrium
Italian: ittrio
Spanish: ytrio
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Description: Yttrium is a soft, silvery-white metal that is stable in air due to the formation of an oxide film on its surface. It burns if ignited, and is attacked by water and forms hydrogen. Yttrium is used in various ways: to give red colours in TV screens, in X-ray filters, superconductors and for superalloys.
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Metal single crystal properties
| State: |
single crystal |
| Crystal structure: |
hexagonal |
| Production method: |
Floating zone |
| Standard size: |
diameter 4mm
thickness 1mm |
| Orientation: |
(0001) |
| Orientation accuracy: |
<2°, <1°, <0.5° or <0.1° |
| Polishing: |
as cut, one or two sides polished |
| Roughness of surface: |
<0.03µm |
| Purity: |
99.95% |
Further Materials properties
| Crystal structure: |
(cell dimensions/pm), space group
a-Y h.c.p. (a=364.74, c=573.06), P63/mmc
b-Y b.c.c. (a=411), Im3m
T(a->
b)=1763 K
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| X-ray diffractions mass absorption coefficients: |
CuKa 134 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
MoKa 100 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
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| Neutron scattering length: |
0.775 b/10-12 cm |
| Thermal neutron capture cross-section: |
1.28 sa / barns
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| Density: |
4.47 g/cm3 |
| Melting point: |
1521.85 °C / 1795 °K |
| Boiling point: |
3337.85 °C / 3611 °K |
| Molar volume: |
19.89 cm3 |
| Thermal conductivity: |
17.2 [300 K] Wm-1K-1 |
| Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: |
10.6 x 10-6 K-1 |
| Electrical resistivity: |
57.0x10-8 [298 K] Wm |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility: |
+2.70 x 10-8(s) kg-1m3 |
| Young's modulus: |
66.3 GPa |
| Rigidity modulus: |
25.5 GPa |
| Bulk modulus: |
n.a. GPa |
| Poisson's ratio: |
0.265 GPa |
| Radii: |
Y3+ 106; atomic 181; covalent 162 |
| Electronegativity: |
1.22 (Pauling); 1.11 (Allred); 3.19 eV (absolute) |
| Effective nuclear charge: |
3.00 (Slater); 6.26 (Clementi); 8.72 (Froese-Fischer) |
| Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): |
32 |
| Issotope mass range: |
80 -> 99 |
Biological data
| Biological role: |
none |
| Toxicity |
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| Toxic intake: |
n.a. |
| Lethal intake: |
c. 15 g only one case reported) |
| Hazards: |
Bismuth is regarded as one of the less toxic heavy metals and
it is commonly used as a medicine for stomach upsets. Excess bismuth
can cause mild kidney damage |
| Level in humans |
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| Blood: |
0.016 mg dm-3 |
| Bone: |
<0.2 p.p.m. |
| Liver: |
0.015 - 0.33 p.p.m. |
| Muscle: |
0.32 p.p.m. |
| Daily dietary intake : |
0.005 - 0.02 mg |
Total mass of element in average
[70 kg] person: |
< 0.5 mg |
Geological data
| Minerals: |
Many minerals are known, and aluminium is present in many other minerals |
| Mineral |
Formula |
Density |
Hardness |
Crystal apperance |
| Bastnäsite-Y |
(Y, Ce)Co3F |
4.0 |
4 - 4.5 |
tri. translucent brick-red |
| Fergusonite |
YNbO4 |
5.7 |
5.5 - 6.5 |
tet., vitreous, sub-metallic black |
| Gadolinite |
Be2FeY2Si2O10 |
4.4 |
6.5 - 7 |
mon., vit./greasy greenish-black |
| Polycrase-Y |
Y(Ti, Nb)2(O, OH)6 |
5.0 |
5.5 - 6 |
orth., sub-metallic black |
| Samarskite |
AlO(OH) |
3.3 - 3.5 |
6.5 - 7 |
orth., vit./resinous |
| Xenotime/TD>
| YPO4 |
4.8 |
4 - 5 |
tet., vit./resinous yellow-brown |
| Chief ore: |
xenotime, bastnäsite, fergusonite, samarskite |
| World production: |
400 tonnes/year |
| Main mining areas: |
xenitine in USA, bastnäsite in Russia, fergusonite in Norway, Russia, Madagascar |
| Reserves: |
c. 9 x 106 tonnes |
| Specimen: |
available as chieps, ingots or powder. Safe.
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| Abundances |
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| Sun: |
125 (relative to H = 1 x 1012) |
| Earth's crust: |
30 p.p.m. |
| Seawater: |
9 x 10-6 p.p.m. |
| Residence time:: |
n.a. |
| Oxidation state: |
III |
Other sizes and specifications on request
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