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Zinc single crystal 30Zn65.37
Known in India and China before 1500.
[German: zink]
French: zinc
German: zink
Italian: zinco
Spanish: cinc
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Description: Zinc is a bluish-white metal that is brittle when cast. It tarnishes in air and reacts with acids and alkalis. Zinc is used for galvanizing iron, in alloys such as brass, and in batteries. Zinc oxide is used in rubber and as a polymer stabiliser.
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Metal single crystal properties
| State: |
single crystal |
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| Crystal structure: |
hexagonal |
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| Production method: |
Bridgman |
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| Standard size: |
diameter 10-20mm
thickness 1-2mm |
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| Orientation: |
(1001), (1-100) and (11-20) |
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| Orientation accuracy: |
<2°, <1°, <0.5° or <0.1° |
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| Polishing: |
as cut, one or two sides polished |
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| Roughness of surface: |
<0.03µm |
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| Purity: |
99.999% |
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| Typical analysis (ppm): |
Ag 2
Ca 1
Cd 3
Cu < 2 |
Fe < 2
Hg < 1
Pb 2
Sn < 1
Zn balance |
Further Materials properties
| Crystal structure: |
(cell dimensions/pm), space group
h.c.p. (a=266.47, c=494.69), P63/mmc |
| X-ray diffractions mass absorption coefficients: |
CuKa 60.3 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
MoKa 55.4 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
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| Neutron scattering length: |
0.5680 b/10-12 cm |
| Thermal neutron capture cross-section: |
1.11 sa / barns
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| Density: |
7.14 g/cm3 |
| Melting point: |
419.58 °C / 692.73 °K |
| Boiling point: |
906.85 °C / 1180 °K |
| Molar volume: |
9.17 cm3 |
| Thermal conductivity: |
116 [300 K] Wm-1K-1 |
| Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: |
25.0 x 10-6 K-1 |
| Electrical resistivity: |
5.916x10-8 [293 K] Wm |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility: |
-2.20 x 10-9(s) kg-1m3 |
| Young's modulus: |
104.5 GPa |
| Rigidity modulus: |
41.9 GPa |
| Bulk modulus: |
69.4 GPa |
| Poisson's ratio: |
0.249 GPa |
| Radii: |
Zn2+ 83; atomic 133; covalent 125 |
| Electronegativity: |
1.65 (Pauling); 1.66 (Allred); 4.45 eV (absolute) |
| Effective nuclear charge: |
4.35 (Slater); 5.97 (Clementi); 8.28 (Froese-Fischer) |
| Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): |
23 |
| Issotope mass range: |
57 -> 78 |
Biological data
| Biological role: |
Essential for all species |
| Toxicity |
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| Toxic intake: |
generally regarded as of low toxicity |
| Lethal intake: |
LD50 (chloride, oral, rat) = 350 mg kg-1 |
| Hazards: |
Zinc metal is a human skin irritant but otherwise
is non-toxic and so are most common compounds; however, zinc
salts have been shown to be experimental carcinogens.
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| Level in humans |
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| Blood: |
7.0 mg dm-3 |
| Bone: |
75 - 170 p.p.m. |
| Liver: |
240 p.p.m. |
| Muscle: |
240 p.p.m. |
| Daily dietary intake : |
5 - 40 mg |
Total mass of element in average
[70 kg] person: |
2.3 mg |
Geological data
| Minerals: |
Many minerals are known, and aluminium is present in many other minerals |
| Mineral |
Formula |
Density |
Hardness |
Crystal apperance |
| Hemimorphite |
Zn4Si2O7(OH)2.H2O |
3.475 |
4.5 - 5 |
orth., vit./pearly white |
| Hydrozincite |
Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6 |
4.00 |
2 - 2.5 |
mon., earthy/silky white etc. |
| Sphalerite |
ZnS |
4.08 |
3.5 |
cub., yellow to brown |
| Smithsonite |
ZnCO3 |
4.2 |
4 - 4.5 |
rhom., vit. grey-white |
| Willemite |
Zn2SiO4 |
4.1 |
5.5 |
rhom., vitreous-resinous, white/pale green |
| Chief ore: |
sphalerite (with cadmium, gallium and indium as by-products), smithsonite, hemimorphite.
Hydrozincite is also mined for zinc when found in economic amounts. |
| World production: |
5.02 x 106 tonnes/year |
| Main mining areas: |
USA, Canada, Australia, Austria, Russia, Turkey |
| Reserves: |
110 x 106 tonnes |
| Specimen: |
available as dust, foila, granules, pieces, powder, shot, sticks and wire. Safe.
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| Abundances |
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| Sun: |
2.82 x 104 (relative to H = 1 x 1012) |
| Earth's crust: |
75 p.p.m. |
| Seawater: |
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| Atlantic surface: |
0.5 x 10-4 p.p.m. |
| Atlantic deep: |
1.0 x 10-4 p.p.m. |
| Pacific surface: |
0.5 x 10-4 p.p.m. |
| Pacific deep: |
5.2 x 10-4 p.p.m. |
| Residence time:: |
5000 years |
| Classification: |
recycled |
| Oxidation state: |
II |
Other sizes and specifications on request
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