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Scandium 21Sc44.956
Discovered in 1879 by L.F. Nilson at Uppsala, Sweden.
[Latin: Scandia = Scandinavia]
French: scandium
German: Scandium
Italian: scandio
Spanish: escandio
Description: Scandium is a
soft, silvery-white metal, which tarnishes in air and burns easily, once
ignited. It reacts with water to form hydrogen gas. There are only a few, rather
specialised, uses for scandium such as in mercury vapour lights for high
intensity lighting when a sunlight effect is required.
Materials properties
| Density: |
2989 kg/m-3 [273 K] |
| Melting point: |
1814 °K |
| Boiling point: |
3104 °K |
| Molar volume: |
15.04 cm3 |
| Thermal conductivity: |
15.08 [300 K] Wm-1K-1 |
| Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: |
10.0 x 10-6 K-1 |
| Electrical resistivity: |
61.0 x 10-8 [295 K] Wm |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility: |
+8.8 x 10-8(s) kg-1m3 |
| Young's modulus: |
74.4 GPa |
| Rigidity modulus: |
29.1 GPa |
| Bulk modulus: |
56.6 GPa |
| Poisson's ratio: |
0.279 GPa |
| Radii: |
Sc3+ 83; atomic 161; covalent 144 |
| Electronegativity: |
1.36 (Pauling); 1.20 (Allred); 3.34 eV (absolute) |
| Effective nuclear charge: |
3.00 (Slater); 4.63 (Clementi); 6.06 (Froese-Fischer) |
| Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): |
15 |
| Issotope mass range: |
40 -> 51 |
Biological data
| Biological role: |
None. |
| Toxicity |
|
| Toxic intake: |
n.a. |
| Lethal intake: |
LD 50 (chloride, oral, mouse)= 4000 mg kg -1 |
| Hazards: |
Scandium is mildly toxic by ingestion, and scandium salts are suspected of being carcinogenic. |
| Level in humans |
|
| Blood: |
c. 0.008 mg dm-3 |
| Bone: |
c. 0.001 p.p.m. |
| Liver: |
0.0004 - 0.0014 p.p.m. |
| Muscle: |
n.a. |
| Daily dietary intake : |
c. 0.00005 mg |
| Total mass of element in average [70 kg] person: |
c. 0.2 mg |
Crystal data
| Crystal structure, (cell dimentions / pm), space group |
α-Sc h.c.p. (a = 330.90, c=527.3), P63/mmc β-Sc cubic, Im3m T(α->β)= 1223 K |
| X-ray diffraction: mass absorption coefficients (µ/ρ) /cm2g-1 : |
CuKα 184 MoKα 21.1 |
| Neutron scattering length, b/10-12cm: |
1.23 |
| Thermal neutron capture cross-section, σa/barns : |
27.2 |
Geological data
| Mineral |
Formula |
Density |
Hardness |
Crystal apperance |
| Thortveitite |
(Sc,Y)2Si2O7 |
3.57 |
6 - 7 |
mon., greyish-green/black |
| Chief ore: |
thortveitite (rare); also present in euxenite and gadolinite; extracted from uranium mill tailings. |
| World production: |
0.05 tonnes/year |
| Main mining areas: |
Iceland, Norway, Malagasy (Madagascar) |
| Reserves: |
n.a. |
| Specimen: |
available as foil,powder and pieces. Care! |
| Abundances |
|
| Sun: |
1100 (relative to H = 1 x 1023) |
| Earth's crust: |
16 p.p.m. |
| Seawater: |
|
| Atlantic surface: |
6.1 x 10-7 p.p.m. |
| Atlantic deep: |
8.8 x 10-7 p.p.m. |
| Pacific surface: |
3.5 x 10-7 p.p.m. |
| Pacific deep: |
7.9 x 10-7 p.p.m. |
| Residence time: |
5000 years |
| Classification: |
recycled |
| Oxidation state: |
III |
Other sizes and specifications on request
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