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Bismuth single crystal 83Bi208.980
Known in the fifteenth century, discoverer unknown.
[German: bisemutum]
French: bismuth
German: bismut
Italian: bismuto
Spanish: bismuto
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Description: Bismuth is a brittle metal with a silvery lustre and an pink tinge. It is stable to oxygen and water, but dissolves in concentrated HNO3. Bismuth is used in alloys, pharmaceuticals, electronics, catalysts, cosmetics and pigments. The metal expands on solidification.
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Metal single crystal properties
| State: |
single crystal |
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| Crystal structure: |
rhombohedral |
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| Production method: |
Bridgeman |
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| Standard size: |
diameter 12mm
thickness 1-2mm |
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| Orientation: |
(100), (110) and (111) |
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| Orientation accuracy: |
<2°, <1°, <0.5° or <0.1° |
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| Polishing: |
as cut, one or two sides polished |
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| Roughness of surface: |
<0.03µm |
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| Purity: |
99.999% |
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| Typical analysis (ppm): |
C 3
H < 1
O 9
N < 5 |
Cu 1.60
Fe 1.80
Ni < 1
Pb 0.30
Si 0.30 |
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Ga, Hf and Ta are below the detection limit |
Further Materials properties
| Crystal structure: |
(cell dimensions/pm), space group, rhombohedral
(a=454.950, c=1186.225), R3m |
| X-ray diffractions mass absorption coefficients: |
CuKa 240 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
MoKa 120 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
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| Neutron scattering length: |
0.8533 b/10-12 cm |
| Thermal neutron capture cross-section: |
0.034 sa / barns
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| Density: |
9.8 g/cm3 |
| Melting point: |
271.35 °C / 544.5 °K |
| Boiling point: |
1609.85±5 °C / 1883±5 °K |
| Molar volume: |
21.44 cm3 |
| Thermal conductivity: |
7.87 [300 K] Wm-1K-1 |
| Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: |
13.4 x 10-6 K-1 |
| Electrical resistivity: |
106.8x10-8 [273 K] Wm |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility: |
-1684 x 10-8(s) kg-1m3 |
| Young's modulus: |
34.0 GPa |
| Rigidity modulus: |
12.8 GPa |
| Bulk modulus: |
n.a. GPa |
| Poisson's ratio: |
0.33 GPa |
| Radii: |
Bi5+ 74; Bi3+ 96; atomic 155; covalent 152; van der Waals 240 |
| Electronegativity: |
2.02 (Pauling); 1.67 (Allred); 4.69 eV (absolute) |
| Effective nuclear charge: |
6.30 (Slater); 13.34 (Clementi); 16.90 (Froese-Fischer) |
| Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): |
37 |
| Issotope mass range: |
189 -> 215 |
Biological data
| Biological role: |
none |
| Toxicity |
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| Toxic intake: |
n.a. |
| Lethal intake: |
c. 15 g only one case reported) |
| Hazards: |
Bismuth is regarded as one of the less toxic heavy metals and
it is commonly used as a medicine for stomach upsets. Excess bismuth can cause mild kidney damage |
| Level in humans |
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| Blood: |
0.016 mg dm-3 |
| Bone: |
<0.2 p.p.m. |
| Liver: |
0.015 - 0.33 p.p.m. |
| Muscle: |
0.32 p.p.m. |
| Daily dietary intake : |
0.005 - 0.02 mg |
Total mass of element in average
[70 kg] person: |
< 0.5 mg |
Geological data
| Minerals: |
Native bismuth occurs naturally as metallic crystals associated with nickel,
cobalt, silver, tin and uranium sulfide ores; found in Brazil, England, Norway and Canada |
| Mineral |
Formula |
Density |
Hardness |
Crystal apperance |
| Bismite |
a-Bi2O3 |
8.64 |
4.4 |
mon., sub-adam. yellow |
| Bismuthinite |
Bi2S3 |
6.78 |
2 |
orth., met. grey |
| Bismutite |
Bi2O2(CO3) |
8.15 |
2.5 - 3.5 |
tet., vit. yellow |
| Chief ore: |
native bismuth and bismuthinite; mainly produced as a by-product from lead and copper smelters, especially in the USA |
| World production: |
3000 tonnes/year |
| Main mining areas: |
Bolivia, Peru, Japan, Mexico, Canada, Australia |
| Reserves: |
n.a. |
| Specimen: |
available as ingots, pieces, powder and shot.
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| Abundances |
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| Sun: |
<80 (relative to H = 1 x 1012) |
| Earth's crust: |
0.048 ppm |
| Seawater: |
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| Atlantic surface: |
5.1 x 10-8 p.p.m. |
| Atlantic deep: |
n.a. |
| Pacific surface: |
4 x 10-8 p.p.m. |
| Pacific deep: |
0.4 x 10-8 p.p.m. |
| Residence time:: |
n.a. |
| Classification: |
scavenged |
| Oxidation state: |
III |
Other sizes and specifications on request
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