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Germanium single crystal 32Ge72.59
Discovered in 1886 by C.A. Winkler at Freiburg, Germany
[Latin: Germania = Germany]
French: germanium
German: germanium
Italian: germanio
Spanish: germanio
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Description: Ultrapure germanium is a silvery-white brittle metalloid element. It is stable in air and water, is unaffected by acids, except HNO3, and alkalis. It is used in semiconductors, alloys and special glasses for infrared devices.
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Metal single crystal properties
| State: |
single crystal |
| Crystal structure: |
diamond |
| Production method: |
Czochralski |
| Standard size: |
diameter £100mm
thickness 0.5-2mm |
| Orientation: |
(100), (110) and (111) |
| Orientation accuracy: |
<2°, <1°, <0.5° or <0.1° |
| Polishing: |
as cut, one or two sides polished |
| Roughness of surface: |
<0.03µm |
| Purity: |
99.999% |
Further Materials properties
| Crystal structure: |
(cell dimensions/pm), space group
Cubic (a=565.754), Fd3m, diamond structure
High pressure forms: (a=488.4, c=296.2), I41/amd;
(a=593, c=698), P43212; (a=692), b.c.c. |
| X-ray diffractions mass absorption coefficients: |
CuKa 75.6 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
MoKa 64.8 (µ/r) / cm2g-1 |
| Neutron scattering length: |
0.8193 b/10-12 cm |
| Thermal neutron capture cross-section: |
2.2 sa / barns
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| Density: |
5.32 g/cm3 |
| Melting point: |
937.45 °C / 1210.6 °K |
| Boiling point: |
2829.85 °C / 3101 °K |
| Molar volume: |
13.64 cm3 |
| Thermal conductivity: |
59.9 [300 K] Wm-1K-1 |
| Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: |
5.57 x 10-6 K-1 |
| Electrical resistivity: |
0.46x10-8 [295 K] Wm |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility: |
-1328 x 10-9(s) kg-1m3 |
| Young's modulus: |
79.9 GPa |
| Rigidity modulus: |
29.6 GPa |
| Bulk modulus: |
n.a. GPa |
| Poisson's ratio: |
0.32 GPa |
| Radii: |
Ge2+ 90; Ge4- 272; atomic 123; covalent 122 |
| Electronegativity: |
2.01 (Pauling); 2.02 (Allred); 4.6 eV (absolute) |
| Effective nuclear charge: |
5.65 (Slater); 6.78 (Clementi); 7.92 (Froese-Fischer) |
| Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): |
24 |
| Issotope mass range: |
64 -> 83 |
Biological data
| Biological role: |
none, but germanium acts to stimulate metabolism |
| Toxicity |
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| Toxic intake: |
germanium salts generally have low toxicity |
| Lethal intake: |
LD50 (various, ingestion, rats etc.)=500 - 5000 mg kg-1 |
| Hazards: |
The fumes of GeCl4 liquid can irritate the eyes and lungs. |
| Level in humans |
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| Blood: |
c. 0.44 mg dm-3 |
| Bone: |
n.a. |
| Liver: |
0.15 p.p.m. |
| Muscle: |
0.14 p.p.m. |
| Daily dietary intake : |
0.4 - 1.5 mg |
Total mass of element in average
[70 kg] person: |
5 mg |
Geological data
| Minerals: |
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| Mineral |
Formula |
Density |
Hardness |
Crystal apperance |
| Germanite |
Cu26Fe4Ge4S32 |
4.46 |
4 |
rub, met. pale greyish-pink |
| Chief ore: |
not mined as such; widely distributed in other minerals and
Ge is recovered as a by-.product of zinc and copper refining. |
| World production: |
80 tonnes/year |
| Main mining areas: |
see zinc and copper |
| Reserves: |
n.a. |
| Specimen: |
available as chips pieces or powder. Safe.
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| Abundances |
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| Sun: |
3160 (relative to H = 1 x 1012) |
| Earth's crust: |
1.8 ppm |
| Seawater: |
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| Atlantic surface: |
0.07 x 10-6 p.p.m. |
| Atlantic deep: |
0.14 x 10-6 p.p.m. |
| Pacific surface: |
0.35 x 10-6 p.p.m. |
| Pacific deep: |
7.00 x 10-6 p.p.m. |
| Residence time:: |
20000 years |
| Classification: |
recycled |
| Oxidation state: |
IV |
Other sizes and specifications on request
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