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Iron single crystal 26Fe55.847
Known to ancient civilizations.
[Anglo-Saxon: iron; Latin: ferrum]
French: fer
German: eisen
Italian: ferro
Spanish: hierro
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Description: Iron, when absolutely pure, is lustrous, silvery and soft (workable). This is the most important of all the metals and it is used chiefly as steel in which there is carbon (up to 1.7%). Stainless steels are alloys with other metals, mainly nickel. Iron rusts in damp air and dissolves readily in dilute acids. Its uses are legion.
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Metal single crystal properties
| State: |
single crystal |
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| Crystal structure: |
bcc |
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| Production method: |
Strain annealing |
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| Standard size: |
diameter 6-10mm
thickness 1-2mm |
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| Orientation: |
(100), (110) and (111) |
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| Orientation accuracy: |
<2°, <1°, <0.5° or <0.1° |
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| Polishing: |
as cut, one or two sides polished |
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| Roughness of surface: |
<0.03µm |
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| Purity: |
99.98% |
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| Typical analysis (ppm): |
Ag < 0.1
Al < 0.1
As < 0.1
C 12
Ca 0.8
Cl 0.8
Co 2.6
Cu 0.6
Cr 1.6
K 1.8
Mg 0.87 |
Mo < 0.1
N 10.0
Na 1.6
Ni < 0.1
O 30.0
P 0.7
S 2.6
Si 2.9
Ti 1.4
V 0.1
Zn 1.9
Fe balance |
Further Materials properties
| Crystal structure: |
(cell dimensions/pm), space group
a-Fe b.c.c. (a=286.645),Im3m
b-Fe not true allotrope
g-Fe c.c.p. (a=364.68), Fm3m
d-Fe b.c.c. (a=293.22), Im3m
T(a -> a)=1183 K
T(g -> d)=1663 K |
| X-ray diffractions mass absorption coefficients: |
CuKa 308 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
MoKa 38.5 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
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| Neutron scattering length: |
0.954 b/10-12 cm |
| Thermal neutron capture cross-section: |
2.56 sa / barns
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| Density: |
7.86 g/cm3 |
| Melting point: |
1534.85 °C / 1808 °K |
| Boiling point: |
2749.85 °C / 3023 °K |
| Molar volume: |
7.09 cm3 |
| Thermal conductivity: |
80.2 [300 K] Wm-1K-1 |
| Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: |
12.3 x 10-6 K-1 |
| Electrical resistivity: |
9.71x10-8 [293 K] Wm |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility: |
ferromagnetic |
| Young's modulus: |
152.3 GPa (cast); 208 GPa (steel) |
| Rigidity modulus: |
60.0 GPa (cast); 81 GPa (steel) |
| Bulk modulus: |
109.5 GPa (cast); 160 GPa (steel) |
| Poisson's ratio: |
0.27 GPa (cast); 0.27 GPa (steel) |
| Radii: |
Fe3+ 67; Fe2+ 82; atomic 124; covalent 116; van der Waals n.a. |
| Electronegativity: |
1.83 (Pauling); 1.64 (Allred); 4.06 eV (absolute) |
| Effective nuclear charge: |
3.75 (Slater); 5.43 (Clementi); 7.40 (Froese-Fischer) |
| Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): |
16 |
| Issotope mass range: |
49 -> 63 |
Biological data
| Biological role: |
Essential to all species |
| Toxicity |
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| Toxic intake: |
200 mg, Iron (II) compounds are more toxic than iron (III) |
| Lethal intake: |
7 - 35 g |
| Hazards: |
Iron dust poses a moderate fir or explosion hazad: chronic exposure causes iron
pneumoconiosis (welder lung). Iron deficiency leads to anaemia, but excess iron
in the body causes liver and kidney damage. Some iron compounds are suspected carcinogens. |
| Level in humans |
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| Blood: |
447 mg dm-3 |
| Bone: |
3 - 380 p.p.m. |
| Liver: |
250 - 1400 p.p.m. |
| Muscle: |
180 p.p.m. |
| Daily dietary intake : |
6 - 40 mg |
Total mass of element in average
[70 kg] person: |
4.2 mg |
Geological data
| Minerals: |
Many iron minerals are known, only a few of which are listed. |
| Mineral |
Formula |
Density |
Hardness |
Crystal apperance |
| Goethite |
a-FeO(OH) |
4.28 |
5 - 5.5 |
orth., met. earthy brown |
| Hematite |
Fe2O3 |
5.26 |
5 - 6 |
rhom., met. earth grey |
| Lepidocrocite |
g-FeO(OH) |
4.09 |
5 |
orth., met. reddish-brown |
| Magnetite |
Fe3O4 |
5.175 |
5.5 - 6.5 |
cub., met. black |
| Siderite |
FeCO3 |
3.96 |
4 |
rhom., vit. yellow-brown |
| Chief ore: |
hematite, magnetite, goethite, lepididocrocite, siderite |
| World production: |
7.16 x 108 tonnes/year |
| Main mining areas: |
USA, Canada, Sweden, South Africa, Russia, India, Japan |
| Reserves: |
1.1 x 1011 tonnes |
| Specimen: |
available as chips, filings, foil, granules, and wire. Safe.
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| Abundances |
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| Sun: |
3.16 x 107 (relative to H = 1 x 1012) |
| Earth's crust: |
41000 p.p.m. |
| Seawater: |
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| Atlantic surface: |
1 x 10-4 p.p.m. |
| Atlantic deep: |
4 x 10-4 p.p.m. |
| Pacific surface: |
0.1 x 10-8 p.p.m. |
| Pacific deep: |
1 x 10-8 p.p.m. |
| Residence time:: |
98 years |
| Classification: |
recycled |
| Oxidation state: |
III |
Other sizes and specifications on request
© 1996 - 2008 MaTecK GmbH - Im Langenbroich 20 - D-52428 Juelich - phone: +49 (0) 2461 / 9352-0 - fax: +49 (0) 2461 / 9352-11 - Contact: info@mateck.de
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