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Nickel single crystal 28Ni58.71
Discovered in 1751 by A.F. Cronstedt at Stockholm, Sweden.
[German, comes from kupfernickel meaning either Devil's copper or St. Nicholas copper]
French: nickel
German: nickel
Italian: nichel
Spanish: niquel
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Description: Nickel is a silvery-white, lustrous, malleable and ductile metal. it resists corrosion, but is soluble in acids (exept HNO3), yet unaffected by alkalis. It is used in alloys, especially stainless steel, in coins, metal plating, and catalysts.
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Metal single crystal properties
| State: |
single crystal |
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| Crystal structure: |
fcc |
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| Production method: |
Czochralski |
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| Standard size: |
diameter 10-20mm
thickness 1-2mm |
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| Orientation: |
(100), (110) and (111) |
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| Orientation accuracy: |
<2°, <1°, <0.5° or <0.1° |
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| Polishing: |
as cut, one or two sides polished |
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| Roughness of surface: |
<0.03µm |
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| Purity: |
99.99% |
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| Typical analysis: |
As 1.0 at%
B < 0.1 at%
Be < 0.1 at%
Br < 1.0 at%
C 20 at%
Ca < 0.4 at%
Co < 0.5 at%
Cl < 0.4 at%
Cu 4.0 at%
F < 0.1 at%
Fe 25 at%
K 1.0 at%
Li < 0.1 at%
Mg < 0.1 at% |
Mn < 0.1 at%
N 5 at%
Na < 0.1 at%
O 15 at%
P < 0.1 at%
S < 0.3 at%
Sc < 0.1 at%
Se < 0.5 at%
Si 14 at%
Sn 2.0 at%
Ti 3.0 at%
V < 0.1 at%
Zn 3.0 at%
Ni balance |
Further Materials properties
| Crystal structure: |
(cell dimensions/pm), space group
f.c.c. (a=352.38), Fm3m
hexagonal nickel (an impure form of nickel) (a=266, c=432), P63/mmc |
| X-ray diffractions mass absorption coefficients: |
CuKa 45.7 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
MoKa 46.6 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
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| Neutron scattering length: |
1.03 b/10-12 cm |
| Thermal neutron capture cross-section: |
4.49 sa / barns
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| Density: |
8.9 g/cm3 |
| Melting point: |
1452.85 °C / 1726 °K |
| Boiling point: |
2731.85 °C / 3005 °K |
| Molar volume: |
6.59 cm3 |
| Thermal conductivity: |
90.7 [300 K] Wm-1K-1 |
| Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: |
13.3 x 10-6 K-1 |
| Electrical resistivity: |
6.84x10-8 [293 K] Wm |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility: |
ferromagnetic |
| Young's modulus: |
199.5 GPa |
| Rigidity modulus: |
76.0 GPa |
| Bulk modulus: |
177.3 GPa |
| Poisson's ratio: |
0.312 GPa |
| Radii: |
Ni3+ 62; Ni2+ 78; atomic 125; covalent 115 |
| Electronegativity: |
1.91 (Pauling); 1.75 (Allred); 4.40 eV (absolute) |
| Effective nuclear charge: |
4.05 (Slater); 5.71 (Clementi); 7.86 (Froese-Fischer) |
| Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): |
14 |
| Issotope mass range: |
53 -> 67 |
Biological data
| Biological role: |
Essential to some species, and can act to stimulate metabolism. |
| Toxicity |
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| Toxic intake: |
1 - 3 mg kg-1 |
| Lethal intake: |
LD50 (acetate, oral, rat)= 350 mg kg-1 |
| Hazards: |
Nickel and many of its compounds are poisonous, carcinogenic and teratogenic. Nickel carbonyl is extremely tzoxic. |
| Level in humans |
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| Blood: |
0.01 - 0.05 mg dm-3 |
| Bone: |
<0.7 p.p.m. |
| Liver: |
0.02 - 1.8 p.p.m. |
| Muscle: |
1 - 2 p.p.m. |
| Daily dietary intake : |
0.3 - 0.5 mg |
Total mass of element in average
[70 kg] person: |
< 15 mg |
Geological data
| Minerals: |
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| Mineral |
Formula |
Density |
Hardness |
Crystal apperance |
| Garnierite |
(Ni, Mg)6Si4O10(OH)8 |
2.3 - 2.5 |
2 - 4 |
mon., aggregates, bright green |
| Nickeline |
b-NiS |
5.27 |
3 - 3.5 |
hex., met. copper-red |
| Pentlandite |
(Ni, Fe)9S8 |
4.8 |
3.5 - 4 |
cub., met., bronze-yellow |
| Chief ore: |
garnierite, pentlandite (nickeline is rare but was the first mineral from which nickel was extracted)
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| World production: |
510 000 tonnes/year |
| Main mining areas: |
garnierite in Russia, South Africa, USA; pentlandite in Cananda, South Africa |
| Reserves: |
70 x 106 tonnes |
| Specimen: |
available as foil, powder, rod, slugs, spheres and wire. Safe.
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| Abundances |
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| Sun: |
1.91 x 106 (relative to H = 1 x 1012) |
| Earth's crust: |
c. 80 p.p.m. |
| Seawater: |
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| Atlantic surface: |
1 x 10-4 p.p.m. |
| Atlantic deep: |
4.0 x 10-4 p.p.m. |
| Pacific surface: |
1 x 10-4 p.p.m. |
| Pacific deep: |
5.7 x 10-4 p.p.m. |
| Residence time:: |
80 000 years |
| Classification: |
recycled |
| Oxidation state: |
II |
Other sizes and specifications on request
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