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Ruthenium single crystal 44Ru101.07
Ruthenium was discovered in 1808 by J.A. Sniadecki at the University of Vilno, Poland. Rediscovered in 1828 by G.W. Osann at the University of Tartu, Russia.
[Latin: ruthenia = Russia]
French: ruthénium
German: ruthenium
Italian: rutenio
Spanish: rutenio
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Description: Ruthenium is a lustrous, silvery metal of the so-called platinum group. It is unaffected by air, water and acids, but dissolves in molten alkalis. Ruthenium is used to harden platinum an palladium metals, and as a catalyst.
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Metal single crystal properties
| State: |
single crystal |
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| Crystal structure: |
hexagonal |
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| Production method: |
Floating zone |
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| Standard size: |
diameter 6-8mm
thickness 1-2mm |
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| Orientation: |
(0001), (+1-100) and (11-20) |
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| Orientation accuracy: |
<2°, <1°, <0.5° or <0.1° |
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| Polishing: |
as cut, one or two sides polished |
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| Roughness of surface: |
<0.03µm |
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| Purity: |
99.99% |
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| Typical analysis (ppm): |
Ag < 1
Au 2
Ca 17
Cu 2
Cr 3
Fe 10 |
Ir 25
Mg 3
Mn < 1
Os 40
Pb 2
Ru balance |
Further Materials properties
| Crystal structure: |
(cell dimensions/pm), space group
h.c.p. (a=270.58, c=428.11), P63/mmc hexagonal |
| X-ray diffractions mass absorption coefficients: |
CuKa 183 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
MoKa 21.1 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
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| Neutron scattering length: |
0.721 b/10-12 cm |
| Thermal neutron capture cross-section: |
2.56 sa / barns
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| Density: |
12.2 g/cm3 |
| Melting point: |
2309.85 °C / 2583 °K |
| Boiling point: |
3899.85 °C / 4173 °K |
| Molar volume: |
8.14 cm3 |
| Thermal conductivity: |
117 [300 K] Wm-1K-1 |
| Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: |
9.1 x 10-6 K-1 |
| Electrical resistivity: |
7.6x10-8 [273 K] Wm |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility: |
+5.37 x 10-9(s) kg-1m3 |
| Young's modulus: |
432 GPa |
| Rigidity modulus: |
173 GPa |
| Bulk modulus: |
286 GPa |
| Poisson's ratio: |
0.25 GPa |
| Radii: |
Ru5+ 54; Ru4+ 65; Ru3+ 77; atomic 134; covalent 124 |
| Electronegativity: |
2.2 (Pauling); 1.42 (Allred); 4.5 eV (absolute) |
| Effective nuclear charge: |
3.75 (Slater); 7.45 (Clementi); 10.57 (Froese-Fischer) |
| Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): |
20 |
| Issotope mass range: |
92 -> 110 |
Biological data
| Biological role: |
none |
| Toxicity |
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| Toxic intake: |
most ruthenium compunds are poisonous |
| Lethal intake: |
LD50 (RuO2, oral, rat)= 4580 mg kg-1 |
| Hazards: |
Ingested ruthenium is retained in the bones for a long time. The volatile oxide, RuO4
is highly toxic by inhalation. |
| Level in humans |
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| Organs: |
n.a., but very low |
| Daily dietary intake : |
n.a |
Total mass of element in average
[70 kg] person: |
n.a. |
Geological data
| Minerals: |
Few minerals as such; ruthenium metal is found in the free state, sometimes alloyed with osmium and iridium. |
| Mineral |
Formula |
Density |
Hardness |
Crystal apperance |
| Ruthenarsenite |
(Ru, Ni) As |
10 |
6 |
orth., met. orange-brown |
| Ruthenium |
Ru |
12.2 |
6.5 |
hex., met. white |
| Chief ore: |
from the wastes of nickel refining.
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| World production: |
0.12 tonnes/year |
| Main mining areas: |
South Africa, Russia, Canada, USA and Zimbabwe |
| Reserves: |
n.a. |
| Specimen: |
available as powder or sponge. WARNING !
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| Abundances |
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| Sun: |
67.6 (relative to H = 1 x 1012) |
| Earth's crust: |
c. 0.001 p.p.m. |
| Seawater: |
n.a., but minute |
Other sizes and specifications on request
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