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Silver single crystal 47Ag107.870
Known to ancient civilizations
[Anglo-saxon: siolfur = silver; Latin: argentum]
French: argent
German: silber
Italian: argento
Spanish: plata
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Description: Silver is a soft, malleable metal with a characteristic silver sheen when polished. It is stable to water and oxygen but is slowly attacked by sulfur compounds in the air to form a black sulfide layer. Silver dissolves in H2SO4 and HNO3. The metal is used for siverware, jewellery, mirrors and in the electrical industry because of its exellent conductivity; silver salts are used in photography.
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Metal single crystal properties
| State: |
single crystal |
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| Crystal structure: |
fcc |
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| Production method: |
Czochralski |
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| Standard size: |
diameter 8-20mm
thickness 1-2mm |
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| Orientation: |
(100), (110) and (111) |
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| Orientation accuracy: |
<2°, <1°, <0.5° or <0.1° |
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| Polishing: |
as cut, one or two sides polished |
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| Roughness of surface: |
<0.03µm |
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| Purity: |
99.999% |
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| Typical analysis (ppm): |
Au 1
Cu 2 |
Fe 2
Ni 1
Ag balance |
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Al, Cd, Mg, Mn, Pt, Pd are below the detection limit |
Further Materials properties
| Crystal structure: |
(cell dimensions/pm), space group
f.c.c. (a=408.626), Fm3m |
| X-ray diffractions mass absorption coefficients: |
CuKa 218 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
MoKa 25.8 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
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| Neutron scattering length: |
0.597 b/10-12 cm |
| Thermal neutron capture cross-section: |
63.6 sa / barns
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| Density: |
10.5 g/cm3 |
| Melting point: |
961.93 °C / 1235.08 °K |
| Boiling point: |
2211.85 °C / 2485 °K |
| Molar volume: |
10.27 cm3 |
| Thermal conductivity: |
429 [300 K] Wm-1K-1 |
| Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: |
19.2 x 10-6 K-1 |
| Electrical resistivity: |
1.59x10-8 [293 K] Wm |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility: |
-2.27 x 10-9(s) kg-1m3 |
| Young's modulus: |
82.7 GPa |
| Rigidity modulus: |
30.3 GPa |
| Bulk modulus: |
103.6 GPa |
| Poisson's ratio: |
0.367 GPa |
| Radii: |
Ag2+ 89; Ag+ 113; atomic 144; covalent 134 |
| Electronegativity: |
1.93 (Pauling); 1.42 (Allred); 4.44 eV (absolute) |
| Effective nuclear charge: |
4.20 (Slater); 8.03 (Clementi); 11.35 (Froese-Fischer) |
| Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): |
46 |
| Issotope mass range: |
96 -> 122 |
Biological data
| Biological role: |
none, especially toxic to lower organisms |
| Toxicity |
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| Toxic intake: |
soluble salts, ingestion, human = 1 g |
| Lethal intake: |
LD50 (nitrate, oral, mouse)=50 mg kg-1 |
| Hazards: |
Soluble silver salts irritate the skin and mucous membranes and can cause death
if ingested even in small doses. Silver is a suspected carcinogen |
| Level in humans |
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| Blood: |
<0.003 mg dm-3 |
| Bone: |
0.01 - 0.44 p.p.m. |
| Liver: |
0.005 - 0.25 p.p.m. |
| Muscle: |
0.009 - 0.28 p.p.m. |
| Daily dietary intake : |
0.0014 - 0.08 mg |
Total mass of element in average
[70 kg] person: |
2 mg |
Geological data
| Minerals: |
Native silver occurs naturally as crystals, but more generally as a compact mass
and there are small deposits in Norway, Germany, Mexico, Chile, Canada, Australia, Sardinia
and the USA. |
| Mineral |
Formula |
Density |
Hardness |
Crystal apperance |
| Acanthite |
Ag2S |
7.2 |
2 - 2.5 |
mon., met. black -lead grey |
| Chlorargyrite |
AgCl |
5.556 |
2.5 |
cub., res./adam. col./grey |
| Polybasite |
(Cu, Ag)16Sb2S11 |
6.1 |
2 - 3 |
mon., met. black |
| Stephanite |
Ag5SbS4 |
6.26 |
2 - 2.5 |
orth., met. black |
| Chief ore: |
acanthite, stephanite
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| World production: |
9950 tonnes/year |
| Main mining areas: |
acanthite in Mexico, Bolivia, Honduras, stephanite in Canada. Silver is obtained as
a by-product in the refining of other metals such as copper. |
| Reserves: |
1 x 106 tonnes |
| Specimen: |
available as crystals, flake, foil, granules, powder, rod, wire or wool. Safe.
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| Abundances |
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| Sun: |
7.1 (relative to H = 1 x 1012) |
| Earth's crust: |
0.07 p.p.m. |
| Seawater: |
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| Atlantic surface: |
n.a. |
| Atlantic deep: |
n.a. |
| Pacific surface: |
1 x 10-7 p.p.m. |
| Pacific deep: |
24 x 10-7 p.p.m. |
| Residence time:: |
5000 years |
| Classification: |
recycled |
| Oxidation state: |
I |
Other sizes and specifications on request
© 1996 - 2008 MaTecK GmbH - Im Langenbroich 20 - D-52428 Juelich - phone: +49 (0) 2461 / 9352-0 - fax: +49 (0) 2461 / 9352-11 - Contact: info@mateck.de
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