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Vanadium single crystal 73V50.942
Vanadium was discovered in 1801 by A.M. del Rio at Mexico City, Mexico. Rediscovered in 1831 by N.G. Selfström at Falun, Sweden.
[Named after Vanadis, a Scandidavian goddess]
French: vanadium
German: vanadium
Italian: vanadio
Spanish: vanadio
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Description: Vanadium is a shiny, silvery metal, which is soft when pure. It resists corrosion due to a protective film of oxide on the surface. Vanadium is attacked by concentrated acids, but not alkalis, not even when these are molten. The metal is used mainly as alloys, especially in steels.
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Metal single crystal properties
| State: |
single crystal |
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| Crystal structure: |
bcc |
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| Production method: |
Floating zone |
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| Standard size: |
diameter 12mm
thickness 1-2mm |
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| Orientation: |
(100), (110) and (111) |
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| Orientation accuracy: |
<2°, <1°, <0.5° or <0.1° |
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| Polishing: |
as cut, one or two sides polished |
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| Roughness of surface: |
<0.03µm |
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| Purity: |
99.99% |
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| Typical analysis (ppm): |
Al 10.0
Co < 0.10
Cr < 0.10
Cu < 1.60
Fe 20.0
Mg 0.25
Mn < 0.10 |
Mo < 0.10
Nb 20.0
Ni 4.30
Ta 20.0
Ti 1.60
W 7.00
V balance |
Further Materials properties
| Crystal structure: |
(cell dimensions/pm), space group
b.c.c. (a=302.40), Im3m |
| X-ray diffractions mass absorption coefficients: |
CuKa 233 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
MoKa 27.5 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
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| Neutron scattering length: |
-0.0382 b/10-12 cm |
| Thermal neutron capture cross-section: |
5.08 sa / barns
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| Density: |
6.1 g/cm3 |
| Melting point: |
1886.85 °C / 2160 °K |
| Boiling point: |
3376.85 °C / 3650 °K |
| Molar volume: |
8.34 cm3 |
| Thermal conductivity: |
30.7 [300 K] Wm-1K-1 |
| Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: |
8.3 x 10-6 K-1 |
| Electrical resistivity: |
24.8x10-8 [293 K] Wm |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility: |
+6.28 x 10-8(s) kg-1m3 |
| Young's modulus: |
127.6 GPa |
| Rigidity modulus: |
46.7 GPa |
| Bulk modulus: |
158 GPa |
| Poisson's ratio: |
0.365 GPa |
| Radii: |
V5+ 59; V4+ 61; V3+ 65; V2+ 72; atomic 132 |
| Electronegativity: |
1.63 (Pauling); 1.45 (Allred); 3.6 eV (absolute) |
| Effective nuclear charge: |
3.30 (Slater); 4.98 (Clementi); 6.65 (Froese-Fischer) |
| Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): |
11 |
| Issotope mass range: |
44 -> 55 |
Biological data
| Biological role: |
Essential to some species including humans; it also acts to stimulate
metalbolism. |
| Toxicity |
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| Toxic intake: |
toxicity varies |
| Lethal intake: |
LD50 (V2O5, oral, rat) = 10 mg kg-1 |
| Hazards: |
Vanadium and its compunds irritate the eyes and lungs; the fumes of volatile
compounds are highly toxic. Some vanadium compounds have experimental
mutagenic effects. |
| Level in humans |
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| Blood: |
<0.0002 mg dm-3 |
| Bone: |
0.0035 p.p.m. |
| Liver: |
0.006 p.p.m. |
| Muscle: |
0.02 p.p.m. |
| Daily dietary intake : |
0.04 mg |
Total mass of element in average
[70 kg] person: |
0.11 mg |
Geological data
| Minerals: |
Many minerals are known, and aluminium is present in many other minerals |
| Mineral |
Formula |
Density |
Hardness |
Crystal apperance |
| Carnotite |
K2(UO2)2(VO4)2.3H2O |
4.95 |
n.a. |
mon., dull/earthy/pearly yellow |
| Descloizite |
PbZn(VO4)(OH) |
6.2 |
3 - 3.5 |
orth., greasy brown/red |
| Patrónite |
VS4 |
2.81 |
2 |
mon., grey-black |
| Vanadinite |
Pb5(VO4)3Cl |
6.86 |
2.7 - 3 |
hex., sub-res./sub-adam. orange red |
| Chief ore: |
descloizite, patronite, vanadite, carnotite.
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| World production: |
7000 tonnes/year |
| Main mining areas: |
not mined as such, but generally obtained as a by-product of other ores and from Venezuelan oils. |
| Reserves: |
n.a. |
| Specimen: |
available as foil, granules, powder, rod or turnings. CARE !
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| Abundances |
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| Sun: |
1.05 x 104 (relative to H = 1 x 1012) |
| Earth's crust: |
160 p.p.m. |
| Seawater: |
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| Atlantic surface: |
1.1 x 10-3 p.p.m. |
| Atlantic deep: |
n.a. |
| Pacific surface: |
1.6 x 10-3 p.p.m. |
| Pacific deep: |
1.8 x 10-3 p.p.m. |
| Residence time:: |
50 000 years |
| Classification: |
recycled |
| Oxidation state: |
V |
Other sizes and specifications on request
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