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Zirconium single crystal 40Zr91.22
Zirconium was discovered in 1789 byM.H.Klaproth at the University of Berlin, Germany. First isolated 1824 by
J.J. Berzeluis at Stockholm, Sweden.
[Arabic: zargun = gold colour]
French: zirconium
German: zirconium
Italian: zirconio
Spanish: circonio
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Description: Zirconium is a hard, lustrous, silvery metal which is very resistant towards corrosion due to an oxid layer on the surface. However, it will burn in air if ignited. Zirconium is unaffected by acids (exept HF) and alkalis. It is used in alloys, coloured glazes, and nuclear reactors. Its oxides are used in foundry crucibles, bricks, ceramics and abrasives.
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Metal single crystal properties
| State: |
single crystal (max. gain size ~3-4mm) |
| Crystal structure: |
hexagonal |
| Production method: |
Floating zone |
| Standard size: |
diameter 3-4mm
thickness 1mm |
| Orientation: |
(0001) |
| Orientation accuracy: |
<2°, <1°, <0.5° or <0.1° |
| Polishing: |
as cut, one or two sides polished |
| Roughness of surface: |
<0.03µm |
| Purity: |
99.99% ex Hf |
Further Materials properties
| Crystal structure: |
(cell dimensions/pm), space group
a-Zr h.c.p. (a=323.21, c=514.77), P63/mmc
b-Zr b.c.c. (a=361.6), Im3m
T(a->
b)=1135 K
High pressure form: (a=503.6, c=310.9), P3m1
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| X-ray diffractions mass absorption coefficients: |
CuKa 143 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
MoKa 15.9 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
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| Neutron scattering length: |
0.716 b/10-12 cm |
| Thermal neutron capture cross-section: |
0.184 sa / barns
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| Density: |
6.49 g/cm3 |
| Melting point: |
1851.85 °C / 2125 °K |
| Boiling point: |
4376.85 °C / 4650 °K |
| Molar volume: |
14.02 cm3 |
| Thermal conductivity: |
22.7 [300 K] Wm-1K-1 |
| Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: |
5.78 x 10-6 K-1 |
| Electrical resistivity: |
42.1x10-8 [293 K] Wm |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility: |
+1.68 x 10-8(s) kg-1m3 |
| Young's modulus: |
98 GPa |
| Rigidity modulus: |
35 GPa |
| Bulk modulus: |
89.8 GPa |
| Poisson's ratio: |
0.38 GPa |
| Radii: |
Zr4+ 87; Zr2+ 109; atomic 160; covalent 145 |
| Electronegativity: |
1.33 (Pauling); 1.22 (Allred); 3.64 eV (absolute) |
| Effective nuclear charge: |
3.15 (Slater); 6.45 (Clementi); 9.20 (Froese-Fischer) |
| Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): |
25 |
| Issotope mass range: |
82 -> 101 |
Biological data
| Biological role: |
none |
| Toxicity |
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| Toxic intake: |
Generally regarded as of low toxicity. |
| Lethal intake: |
LD50 (chloride, oral, rat) = 1688 mg kg-1 |
| Hazards: |
Zirconium and its compounds are not regarded as particularly poisonous
except by excessive ingestion of zirconium salts. Zirconium dust is a very dangerous
fire hazard. |
| Level in humans |
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| Blood: |
0.011 mg dm-3 |
| Bone: |
<0.1 p.p.m. |
| Liver: |
0.11 p.p.m. |
| Muscle: |
0.08 p.p.m. |
| Daily dietary intake : |
c. 0.05 mg |
Total mass of element in average
[70 kg] person: |
1 mg |
Geological data
| Minerals: |
Many minerals are known, and aluminium is present in many other minerals |
| Mineral |
Formula |
Density |
Hardness |
Crystal apperance |
| Baddeleyite |
ZrO2 |
5.82 |
6.5 |
mon., greasy/vit. col./yellow/green |
| Zircon |
ZrSiO4 |
4.7 |
7.5 |
tet., stubby crystals, colourless/yellow/grey |
| Chief ore: |
zircon, baddeleyite
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| World production (tonnes/year): |
7000 (Zr metal); 7 x 105 (zircon) |
| Main mining areas: |
Australia, Brazil, USA, Sri Lanka |
| Reserves: |
>1 x 109 tonnes |
| Specimen: |
available as foil, powder rod or wire. Safe.
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| Abundances |
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| Sun: |
560 (relative to H = 1 x 1012) |
| Earth's crust: |
190 p.p.m. |
| Seawater: |
9 x 10-6 p.p.m. |
| Residence time:: |
n.a. |
| Oxidation state: |
IV |
Other sizes and specifications on request
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